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[37] Young George Washington promoted settlements in West Virginia on lands awarded to him and his soldiers by the Royal government in payment for their wartime service in Virginia's militia. According to historian Brian Robb, the earliest form of organized crime in America was born from the gangs of the Old West. Historians Katherine Harris[255] and Elliott West[256] write that rural upbringing allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender, promoted family interdependence, and at the end produced children who were more self-reliant, mobile, adaptable, responsible, independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts. She nursed victims of an influenza epidemic; this gave her acceptance in the community and the support of the sheriff. The best cattle would be selected, roped, and branded, and most male cattle were castrated. Fournier, Richard. Wyatt Kingseed, "Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice". In the mountains, shaft mining predominated, producing large amounts of waste. That was more than twice as many as occurred in Texas, the second-highest-ranking state. [200][201] The U.S. finally induced the last hostile Apache band under Geronimo to surrender in 1886. Engineering requirements for the rail route were an adequate supply of water and wood, and as nearly-level route as possible, given the weak locomotives of the era.[163]. By the 1910 U.S. census though, the frontier had shrunk into divided areas without a singular westward line of settlement. [222][332], Many of the cowboys were veterans of the Civil War; a diverse group, they included Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and immigrants from many lands. During the same period, P. T. Barnum presented Native chiefs, dances, and other Wild West exhibits in his museums. Gold! [149] Within the Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, conflicts arose among the Five Civilized Tribes, most of which sided with the South being slaveholders themselves.[150]. Their expedition across the Western United States turned into the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition There were many dangers on the trail; they had to travel up, portage and ford rivers, suffer injuries, disease, famine, and fending off grizzly bears and hostile Native American tribes. [326] Flashpoints included the Battle of Columbus (1916) and the Punitive Expedition (19161917). In all Mexico ceded half a million square miles (1.3million km2) and included the states-to-be of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, in addition to Texas. The cowboy hat quickly developed the capability, even in the early years, to identify its wearer as someone associated with the West; it came to symbolize the frontier. [295] During a range war in Montana, a vigilante group called Stuart's Stranglers, which were made up of cattlemen and cowboys, killed up to 20 criminals and range squatters in 1884 alone. William Clarke Quantrill and his Biographers". They served as bases for troops at or near strategic areas, particularly for counteracting the Native presence. He presented the first "Wild West" show in 1883, featuring a recreation of famous battles (especially Custer's Last Stand), expert marksmanship, and dramatic demonstrations of horsemanship by cowboys and natives, as well as sure-shooting Annie Oakley.[373]. It had a stratified society comprising a powerful upper-class white landowning gentry, a small middle-class, a fairly large group of landless or tenant white farmers, and a growing slave population at the bottom of the social pyramid. The conservatives and Whigs, typified by the president John Quincy Adams, wanted a moderated pace that charged the newcomers enough to pay the costs of the federal government. The British war goal included the creation of an Indian barrier state under British auspices in the Midwest which would halt American expansion westward. Many of the largest ranches were owned by Scottish and English financiers. Such hazardous work in isolated conditions also bred a tradition of self-dependence and individualism, with great value put on personal honesty, exemplified in songs and cowboy poetry. [164] In 1862 four rich San Francisco merchants (Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins) took charge, with Crocker in charge of construction. Media/News Company. In 1881 Henry Villard (18351900) took over and finally completed the line to Seattle. 1 seed Haydn Packer from Jersey Shore to drop into the consolations. On the trail, drinking, gambling, and brawling were often prohibited and fined, and sometimes cursing as well. [307], On a much smaller scale, sheep grazing was locally popular; sheep were easier to feed and needed less water. Unlike the North, where small towns and even cities were common, the South was overwhelmingly rural. He charged Lewis and Clark to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal stream of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean; whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado, or any other river may offer the most direct and practicable communication across the continent for commerce". One of Turner's last students, Merle Curti used an in-depth analysis of local Wisconsin history to test Turner's thesis about democracy. "[72], Government and private enterprise sent many explorers to the West. [141], In Texas, citizens voted to join the Confederacy; anti-war Germans were hanged. Westerners were proud of their leadership in the movement for democracy and equality, a major theme for Frederick Jackson Turner. Talk of acquiring all of Mexico fell away when the army discovered the Mexican political and cultural values were so alien to America's. [169], Six transcontinental railroads were built in the Gilded Age (plus two in Canada); they opened up the West to farmers and ranchers. [249], On the Great Plains very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding, and clothing the family, managing the housework, and feeding the hired hands. Seeing that the need to combat the bandits was a growing business opportunity, Allan Pinkerton ordered his National Detective Agency, founded in 1850, to open branches in the West, and they got into the business of pursuing and capturing outlaws. As the Cincinnati Herald asked, what would the U.S. do with eight million Mexicans "with their idol worship, heathen superstition, and degraded mongrel races? This is the most difficult of all military assignments, whether in Africa, Asia, or the American West.[225]. [381], Heather Cox Richardson argues for a political dimension to the cowboy image:[382]. The archetypical Old West period is often cited by historians to have occurred between the end of the American Civil War in 1865 and the 1890 U.S. Northern Tier Sports Report .The home of Bradford County Sports (Athens, Canton, NEB, Sayre, Towanda, Troy, and Wyalusing) SCOREBOARD (JUNE 25) (2023-06-25) 11U BASEBALL NEBALL6 TROY3 BLUE RIDGE..14 ALLEGANY MTN..1 CANTON10 ATHENS..7 MINORS SOFTBALL RTL..17 CANTON.2 TOWANDA..10 WELLSBORO4 TROY.10 ATHENS.0 TUNKHANNOCK6 MAY 21 - MAY 27 MONDAY No Games Scheduled TUESDAY SOFTBALL Troy at Wyalusing, 4:30 p.m. WEDNESDAY BASEBALL Wyalusing vs Canton at Mansfield University, 4:30 p.m. THURSDAY No Games Scheduled FRIDAY TRACK & FIELD Wyalusing at PIAA Championships, 9 a.m. SATURDAY TRACK & FIELD Wyalusing at PIAA Championships, 9 a.m. .more valleysportsreport.com. "Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History". Violent bandits often preyed upon the miners, such as the case of Jonathan R. Davis' killing of eleven bandits single-handedly. THE SPORTS REPORTS: WAVERLY'S BECHY, JOHNSON SHARE ALL-REGION BOYS TRACK & FIELD 'ATHLETE OF THE YEAR' HONOR; CANTON'S KAPICHOK ALSO EARNS TOP HONOR (2023-07-06)The Sports ReportsIt was a historically good year on the boys side of track and field, with gold medals and new sectional records.Waverly had two sprinters who stood out in senior Kayleb Bechy and junior Ralph Johnson. The government of Mexico, however, viewed Texas as a runaway province and asserted its ownership. [266][267], Historian Waddy W. Moore uses court records to show that on the sparsely settled Arkansas frontier lawlessness was common. Western states allowed women to vote long before the eastern states did and had more liberal divorce laws. With the passage of the extremely controversial KansasNebraska Act in 1854, Congress left the decision up to the voters on the ground in Kansas. record-breaking 400-meter relay that won a state silver medal. The first group emphasizes human agency on the environment; the second looks at the influence of the environment. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm papers, and home economics courses in the schools all contributed to this trend. [380], The cowboy has for over a century been an iconic American image both in the country and abroad; recognized worldwide and revered by Americans. Northern Tier Sports Report NEB Richard W. Etulain, "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", admission of Arizona Territory as a state, American pioneers to the Northwest Territory, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War, 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States, National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, Category:Gunslingers of the American Old West, Category:Outlaws of the American Old West, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", "The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier", "The American West, 18651900 | Rise of Industrial America, 18761900 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress", "Following the Frontier Line, 1790 to 1890", https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/issue/view/1011, "The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 19452005", "Setting the record straight on the 'Hawn's' Mill Massacre", Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad, "PBS: Role of Nitro Glycerin in the Transcontinental Railroad", "The Doolittle Report on the State of Indians in U.S. Reservations, 1867", "Empire Ranch Foundation: History of the Empire Ranch", "Meeker Massacre forced Utes from most of Colorado, but the attack was a backlash", "Deadly confrontation in Utah took place shortly before GJ incorporated", "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890", Important Moments in Japanese American History:Before, During, and After World War II Mass Incarceration. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia, was settled by the English in 1607. The Israeli pioneers brought in American experts on irrigation and agriculture to provide technical advice. Northern Tier West Sports Report launched in March of 2021. . Saloons and gambling dens sprung up overnight. He began his newspaper career at The Daily Review in Towanda in 1989, before moving on to The Evening Times in 1995. Valley Sports Report is dedicated to providing the most extensive, accurate and well-written coverage of high school and youth sports in the Valley. [243] In Los Angeles, the last major anti-Chinese riot took place in 1871, after which local law enforcement grew stronger. For example, Fort Bowie protected Apache Pass in southern Arizona along the mail route between Tucson and El Paso and was used to launch attacks against Cochise and Geronimo. Lincoln pardoned the majority, but 38 leaders were hanged. [138] By 1860 the pro-slavery forces were in controlbut Kansas had only two slaves. The end of the bison herds opened up millions of acres for cattle ranching. [113][114] As thousands arrived, however, fewer and fewer miners struck their fortune, and most ended exhausted and broke.

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