peer influence on gender identity{ keyword }

A second modification has been an expansion of the media studied. Preliminary evidence suggests that gender-diverse individuals are finding increased support via online platforms (Craig et al., 2015; Lucero, 2017; Ybarra et al., 2015). The Influence of Peers During Adolescence: Does Homophobic - Springer The scales have also demonstrated reliability and validity in transgender, non-binary/genderqueer, and even cisgender individuals with marginalized sexual orientations (McGuire et al., 2020). Studies that test for gender differences in peer influence and friend selection often uncover mixed findings, likely because they rely on small samples with limited statistical power (e.g., Fortuin et al., 2016; Haynie et al., 2014) or only consider a single behavior type (e.g., Kretschmer et al., 2018; Mercken et al., 2010). Youth are representing diverse gender identities and expressions online, being recognized in news outlets, and taking part in activism toward gender freedom. Inclusive measurements could enhance our understanding of not only how gender diverse youth identify, but the likely heterogeneity even within cisgender participants identities. We close by exploring the ways in which the power of peer socialization can be (and likely currently are being) harnessed to support the ever-changing, diverse gender identities emergent in todays youth, and provide questions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record, MeSH Gender Typicality, Pressure to Conform to Gender Norms, and Anti-Fat In Fineman MA & Mykitiuk R (Eds.). These identities are numerous, overlapping, and flexible, which can be difficult to identify and quantify in systematic research. For example, in peer relations research, is it always most important to know how the participant personally identifies their gender? The Genderqueer Identity (GQI) Scale measures four distinct subscales: non-binary identity, socially constructed versus essentialist gender, theoretical awareness of gender concepts, and gender fluidity (McGuire et al., 2019). Little-to-no attention has been paid to how other identities such as race, ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status, or ability intersect with the broader understanding of gender identity that young people are putting forward (GenIUSS Group, 2014; Michaels et al., 2017). When possible, use open-ended response formats for items assessing gender identity. The site is secure. Even Cosmopolitan, a traditionally highly feminine-stereotyped outlet, published 13 Gender-Related Terms You Want To Learn in December 2019, including terms like genderqueer, gender fluid, and non-binary (Thomas, 2019). Experiences with peers may inform gender identity. The Influence of Peers During Adolescence: Does Homophobic Name Calling by Peers Change Gender Identity? For example, in an excellent, recent special issue of the International Journal of Behavioural Development on Gender Typicality and Development (Bukowski et al., 2019), none of seven excellent articles broadens their understanding of gender beyond the identities of male or female to recognize that some young people may identify their gender outside these categories entirely. If gender diverse youth have networks that include gender typical peers, could socialization occur where gender typical youth become more affirming and accepting of gender diverse youth? 1992 Feb;13(1):59-66. (2016). Following these best practices for assessing gender identity has the potential to open our eyes as peer relations researchers to help us understand how youth may be embracing diverse gender identities. Ruble DN, Martin CL, & Berenbaum SA (2007). | Online ISSN 1091-6490. FOIA Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation - PubMed and transmitted securely. Physiological, emotional, and behavioral correlates of gender segregation. The appropriateness and utility of these terms warrants further investigation in large representative samples of youth. What sexual and gender minority people want researchers to know about sexual orientation and gender identity questions: A qualitative study. All studies focused on some aspect of peer social relations or processes, adjustment, or digital communication, and primarily recruited university students. Despite these expansions to capture how diversely young people are thinking about and demonstrating gender, most peer relations research still operates from a risk perspective and primarily focuses on the effect of peers who are not accepting of gender diversity (e.g., Bos & Sandfort, 2015; Kosciw et al., 2018). For example, before collecting demographic data from middle school students for a sociometric study, it may be wise to connect with the teachers, guidance counsellors, and students themselves to identify ways that these youth are describing their gender-related experiences. We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. Consistent with expectations, we found significant peer influence on between-gender components of GI-intergroup bias among 7th and 8th graders as well as felt pressure for gender conformity among 8th graders. Finally, beyond measurement altogether, analytic decisions should be considered when investigating the role of gender in young peoples lives so that identity groups are appropriately represented, not only in the measures but the conclusions drawn from them. This scale utilizes separate spectra that represent the extent to which an individual identifies with female/woman/girl, male/man/boy, or other gender(s). Peer relations and the development of competence in boys and girls. Gender Identity and Expression in the Early Childhood Classroom - NAEYC . Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 2application to peer group processes and future directions for research. Puckett JA, Brown NC, Dunn T, Mustanski B, & Newcomb ME (2020). Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Americans' Complex Views on Gender Identity and Transgender Issues These methods could be particularly useful if scholars are interested in not just a persons labelled identity but their experiences around gender. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Wentzel KR, Barry CM, & Caldwell KA (2004). Gender identity development in adolescence. Pioneering theorists and researchers marshalled evidence that in early and middle childhood, children interact primarily within their same gender groups such that they grow up in separate worlds and socialize each other in distinct ways before coming together for romantic encounters in early adolescence, as outlined in Maccobys (1998) seminal volume titled The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. ), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. In each of two successive years, three measures of gender identity (felt gender typicality, contentment with gender assignment, and felt pressure for gender conformity) and four measures of adjustment (self-esteem, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and acceptance by peers) were . Peer Influence and Identity: A Parent's Guide - Focus on the Family Summary of responses to gender identity questionnaire items across studies of adolescents and emerging adults. Magliozzi D, Saperstein A, & Westbrook L (2016). Priess HA, Lindberg SM, & Hyde JS (2009). Another approach may even originate in the recruitment step of the research process, whereby easier-to-reach groups are over-sampled to improve the studys overall statistical power (Hennes, 2019). This could elucidate the ways that gender may affect developmental processes rather than reinforcing stereotypical overall differences in behaviors or characteristics. Accessibility Small Sample Size Solutions (Open Access): A Guide for Applied Researchers and Practitioners, Evidence of diverse identities in a large national sample of sexual and gender minority adolescents. For example, in May 2017, NPR published a story about how A New Generation Overthrows Gender, in which teens who identify outside the gender binary (e.g., non-binary, genderqueer, gender-neutral) speak to their experiences and understanding of breaking down the gender binary (Brooks, 2017). Before ), Interrelations of gender schemas in children and adolescents: Attitudes, preferences, and self-perceptions, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal. Gender schemas include both conventional associations, such as trucks are for men because more men drive trunks then women, but also metaphorical associations, such as pink and soft things are for women (Leinbach et al., 1997). Over time, gender has been recognized as more flexible than being biologically determined and following certain stages (Perry et al., 2019; Tate et al., 2014), though traditional or mainstream conceptualizations of gender tend to still focus on binary and stable differences between boys and girls. Much of the best practice recommendations for measuring gender identity suggests a two-step process, wherein the participant is asked to first disclose their natal sex and then their gender identity (Deutsch et al., 2013; GenIUSS Group, 2014; Lombardi & Banik, 2016; Sausa et al., 2009; Rubin et al., 2020; Temkin et al., 2017). These were some of the most prominent provided responses when participants selected different identity and have been suggested directly by gender diverse participants in qualitative research (Puckett et al., 2020; Suen et al., 2020). Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In this model, personal processes such as gender dysphoria interact with responses or feedback from families and peers that guides further gender exploration (Pullen Sansfaon et al., 2020). Perspectives from transgender and gender diverse people on how to ask about gender. During adolescence, gender identity (GI) develops through a dialectic process of personal reflection and with input from the social environment. Gender segregation persists, although at a declining rate, into adolescence: in one study across ages 12 to 16, adolescents were consistently found to have about three times more same-gender than other-gender friends (Poulin & Pederson, 2007). Herman JL, Flores AR, Brown TN, Wilson BD, & Conron KJ (2017). He has 4.9 million followers on Instagram, where followers can observe him expressing himself as he describes in his profile, Parent-Hair and Skincare Expert-Comedian-Host-Activist-Ice Skater-Gymnast-Author-NYT Best Seller- Over the Top out now. The power and ubiquity of gender schemas may make violating them or pitting conventional against metaphorical associations feel so enticing and even revolutionary for youth. Friendships in middle school: Influences on motivation and school adjustment, New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. In early childhood, kids gain an idea of which group they belong to, generally either male or female. Consistency of gender identity and preferences across time: An exploration among cisgender and transgender children. A limitation of this view, however, is that each of the eight dimensions is usually studied in relation to the male/female binary. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Similarly, when asked to nominate peers to socialize with, 72% of the nominations made by adolescents aged 15 to 17 were peers of the same gender (Mehta & Strough, 2010). Beyond their presence in traditional news sources, young people are engaging with gender equity activism in substantive and visible ways as well. The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. Inclusive and expansive measurements may also serve to better describe participants genders in any study, regardless of whether the focus of the study itself is on gender. Responses can then be combined and coded such that sex assigned at birth is compared with current gender identity to determine whether the participant is reporting a transgender or non-binary experience. For instance, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC, 2014) estimated that almost ten percent of LGBTQ+ youth identify outside the gender binary. For example, perhaps giving or receiving social support between peers depends upon how strongly an adolescent identifies with a particular gender (masculine, feminine, or non-binary/another gender). PDF The Effect of Peer Groups on Gender Identity and Expression - IJRHSS Would you like email updates of new search results? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Tate CC, Youssef CP, & Bettergarcia JN (2014). It must be exciting and enlightening to navigate relationships when you cant make easy assumptions about how the other person is apt to view him/her/their self. Social Networking 10%. Further, these assessments could elucidate how youth may be influencing each other either to reject or ostracize youth with diverse gender identities; or better yet, how prosocial, open-minded, high status peers might be able to influence others to be supportive and accepting of peers with diverse gender identities. Young people are even leading their own organizations: for instance, Trans Student Educational Resources (https://transstudent.org) is a youth-led organization focused on advocating for gender diverse inclusivity in school systems. Arch Sex Behav. . We present case examples from several of our studies of peer interactions in digital communication that illustrate how assessing gender identity may change over time, in peer relations studies where gender identity is not the focus. Gender identity development in adolescence - PubMed Perhaps parents and teachers could provide more of these types of contexts for girls and boys to interact, which might open more possibilities for all children, but perhaps especially those who are developing diverse gender identities. Katz-Wise SL, Budge SL, Fugate E, Flanagan K, Touloumtzis C, Rood B, & Leibowitz S (2017). Gender is an element of identity that young children are working hard to understand. Participants in a qualitative study, focused on gathering directly from transgender individuals how they would prefer to be asked about gender, noted that being prompted to think and respond about their sex assigned at birth could trigger gender dysphoria and be painful (Puckett et al., 2020). If you knew that, we believed, you had a good start on knowing what to expect emotionally, socially, intellectually, sexually. J Dev Behav Pediatr. Another important step will be using what we know about the power of peer groups to enforce and to support diverse gender identities, even perhaps to understand how parents, teachers, and youth might already be supporting youth with diverse gender identities. Social and peer influences. Further, the Human Rights Campaign has a program for youth ambassadors to promote equal rights, many of whom are non-binary. Introduction to the special section: Gender typicality and development, International Journal of Behavioural Development, Intersectionality and research in psychology. For most of the history of peer relations research, investigators have been working under the assumption that biological sex and the social construction of gender are organized around the binary distinction of male and female (Perry et al., 2019). Using more sensitive assessments that include diverse gender identities would allow us to carefully examine the impact of friendships and social support for these children and could even lead to the development of prevention and intervention programs to foster acceptance and greater social support for children with of diverse gender identities. Epub 2019 Sep 13. National Library of Medicine Journal Club: Influence of Peers on Gender Identity Development - PNAS First and foremost, according to the authors peer influence has a stronger effect between-gender dimensions of Gender Identity (intergroup bias and felt pressure for gender conformity) than within-gender dimensions of Gender Identity (typicality and contentedness). Peer Influence, Friend Selection, and Gender: How Network Processes Peer influence on gender identity development in - ProQuest National Library of Medicine If a completely open-response question format is possible (given the sample size and study design), this may be considered to allow for quickly changing and proliferative terminology that young people use to refer to gender (Rubin et al., 2020). Hyde JS, Bigler RS, Joel D, Tate CC, & van Anders SM (2019). adolescence 59% . Media: A catalyst for resilience in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth. The causes of human sexual orientation - Taylor & Francis Online The current study's final goal was to examine how gender and ethnic identity impacted peer relationships. Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Gender nonconforming youth: current perspectives, Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, Gender integration and the promotion of inclusive classroom climates, Fabes RA (1994). This call-to-action paper will highlight the current disparity between how traditional peer relations theorists and researchers are conceiving of and measuring gender identity, and what young people believe about the wider range of possible gender identities. These rates of gender-diverse responses further suggest that at least older adolescents are increasing in flexibility with respect to their gender identity and are comfortable identifying as such even when the study does not explicitly focus on gender. Parental reports (on social media) of friend clusters exhibiting signs of gender dysphoria [1-4] and increased exposure to social media/internet preceding a child's announcement of a transgender identity [1-2, 9] raise the possibility of social and peer influences. Most empirical research examining youth's gender development measures felt pressure to conform to gender norms using a composite value of felt pressure from multiple sources; however, because of the different socialization processes at work from parents, peers, and the self, analyzing these sources separately may elucidate different effects on gender development. For most of the history of peer relations research, investigators have been working under the assumption that biological sex and the social construction of gender are organized around the binary distinction of male and female (Perry et al., 2019).However, children, adolescents, and emerging adults today clearly acknowledge that gender identity is more complex, and that individuals may identify . Even modern peer relations research on gender identity and gender typicality treats gender as an identity that is achieved within the male-female binary and barely mentions the possibility that a young person may identify as a different gender than the . Investigating gender as a moderating variable also allows for a flexible understanding of gender dimensions rather than denoting groups (perhaps arbitrarily) so that between-group differences can be investigated. Then, the item assessing gender should ask either what the participants current gender identity is or how they describe themselves, with the response options of man, woman, I do not identify as either man or woman, and Im not sure yet (Deutsch et al., 2013; GenIUSS Group, 2014; Lombardi & Banik, 2016; Sausa et al., 2009; Temkin et al., 2017). In sum, within almost every study, anywhere from two to 25 individuals identified in a way other than man or woman. Others have acknowledged the changing landscape of gender identity development in youth, noting that binary gender intensification (e.g., increased pressure to conform to gender roles; Hill & Lynch, 1983) may no longer become prominent in adolescence and the patterns of gender differentiation and socialization in present-day adolescence appear to be changing (Priess et al., 2009). For example, if researchers are interested in intimacy building processes of feminine non-binary individuals, individuals all along the gender spectrum (including cisgender individuals) could be sampled so that the overall statistical tests are better powered. Young people are challenging gender to expand beyond a male/female binary, yet research practices still lag behind these conceptions. For example, maybe gender stereotypes are more important in the impact of engaging in sexual talk with peers than is the way an adolescent identifies their gender. This perspective on gender identity addresses eight dimensions: gender self-categorization, felt same-gender typicality, felt other-gender typicality, gender connectedness, felt pressure for gender differentiation, intergroup bias, gender centrality, and gender frustration (Perry et al., 2019). Some recommend a two-step process in which the participant is asked first to disclose their assigned sex and then their gender identity, while others recommend first asking to disclose gender identity and then whether the participant is transgender, so as not to inadvertently trigger gender dysphoria. But that all changes when youre living in a world where gender is not an either/or proposition. government site. 2017 Oct;60:161-170. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.014. These responses increased as time progressed: in a study conducted in 20182019 about Snapchat, 15 individuals (1.5%) identified outside the binary; in 2019, two studies exploring online victimization and adjustment included 12 (1.2%) and 25 (2.5%) non-binary responses. Unfortunately, many youth experience homophobic name calling, a form of peer victimization, and it is unknown whether youth internalize these peer messages and how these messages might . the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. It will be important to provide justification for these methodological choices when submitting research plans for review to IRBs, which could be framed as showing respect for young people with diverse gender identities in addition to being necessary to answer the research questions. (Beischel et al., in preparation). Indeed, milestone or stage theories of gender development may inadvertently marginalize the unique experiences of heterogenous trans and non-binary individuals (Tatum et al., 2020). Data from recent studies of adolescents and young adults use of digital communication will be presented to show how young people respond when invited to report flexibly about their gender identities. Peers play an important role in the socialization of gendered behavior, but no studies to-date have assessed peer influences on GI. Unfortunately, many youth experience homophobic name calling, a form of peer victimization, and it is unknown whether youth internalize. What? This site needs JavaScript to work properly. For instance, in a study evaluating gender identity measurement in a sample of English- and Spanish-speaking older adults, the Spanish-speaking adults expressed discomfort and/or confusion regarding the gender identity questions that was not present in the English-speaking adults (Michaels et al., 2017). Methodological considerations for advancing research on the health and wellbeing of sexual and gender minority youth, Serbin LA, Moller LC, Gulko J, Powlishta KK, & Colbourne KA (1994). Age of individuals who identify as transgender in the United States, Hill JP, & Lynch ME (1983). Similarly, the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale Gender Spectrum (UGDS-GS) captures both dissatisfaction with gender identity over the lifespan as well as comfort with currently-affirmed gender identity (McGuire et al., 2020). The emergence of gender segregation in toddler playgroups. Positive Peer Association among Black American Youth and the Roles of Using specific identity labels and terms, though sometimes ambiguous, can be particularly affirming and inclusive for participants, and can further allow scholars to explore and understand the nuances of each identity label. Steensma TD, Kreukels BP, de Vries AL, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Peer influence on gender identity development in adolescence But Ray Blanchard, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto in Canada who worked for 15 years in a gender identity clinic that screened candidates for sex reassignment surgery, says the paper . There are countless young individuals that are shedding light on the ways that gender diversity can be expressed via online platforms. Gender/sex in samples looks different depending on method and coders: Towards the Gender/Sex 33 for inclusive measures beyond binaries, Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing, The role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on childrens gender stereotyping: A study of the functional use of gender in the classroom, Gender nonconformity, sexual orientation, and Dutch adolescents relationship with peers, Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Although Egan and Perry (2001) laid important groundwork for measuring gender identity multidimensionally and empirically, other authors have critically examined and modified some aspects. Once peer relations researchers begin embracing diverse gender identities by assessing them more accurately, many possibilities open for using what we know about peer relationships to provide support for youth with diverse gender identities. PNAS is a partner of CHORUS, CLOCKSS, COPE, CrossRef, ORCID, and Research4Life. Further, this example shows the increasing number of emerging adults that identify outside the binary. Allycen R. Kurup: Conceptualization, Writing Original Draft, Writing Review & Editing, Marion K. Underwood: Conceptualization, Writing Original Draft, Writing Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. For example, there are dozens of highly prominent young people on social media platforms such as Instagram that are sharing and representing this new understanding of gender. Experiences with peers may inform gender identity. In a study about sexting and social comparison, four college students (0.5% of the sample) identified outside the binary; in another study about online social comparison, eight college students (0.8%) identified outside of man or woman; a study about Instagram browsing contained two non-binary individuals (0.4%); and three students (0.4%) identified as transgender or non-binary in a study about narcissism and social media.

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